What Are Currency Pairs & How To Trade Them

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A currency pair is the main trading instrument in the Foreign Exchange market (Forex). Trading currency pairs, which provided an opportunity for everybody to profit from the rate differences, became relevant after the establishment of the Forex market, when the IMF officially allowed the countries to abolish pegging their national currency to dollar and gold reserves.

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What is a currency pair?

Currency pairs in the Forex market are sometimes called trading pairs, which is fair, considering that they are used for trading, i.e. exchange one national currency to the other, or more specifically buying one currency at the price of the other. As you can see from the word ‘pair’, there are two assets that are written one after the other. The order in which the currencies are placed in the pair carries a conceptual significance for trading the currency pairs.

The monetary unit that is listed first (on the left) is called the base currency. Note that there is no notion of 'base currency pairs’, only base currencies and there is a base currency for each pair.

The monetary unit that is listed second (on the right) is called the quote currency. This name determines the relationship between the two parts of the pair, because the currency listed first is quoted against the currency listed second.

Deciphering currency pairs is a basic skill of a novice trader. The EUR/USD, GBP/JPY and other symbols are sometimes called currency pair tickers, although officially they are not tickers; they are codes. Tickers are a notion applied to other types of assets (stocks, bonds, stock indices). Tickers are essentially their abbreviated names. For example, to avoid writing Deutsche Bank, its ticker DBK is used.

Example of calculation of a currency pair

Euro/US Dollar is the most popular currency pair. It is correct to use EUR/USD. In the Forex market, trading pairs are written with the use of their international letter abbreviations regulated by the International Organization for Standardization, ISO). This has been done to simplify trading, so that the traders at any place on the planet used the same denominations and always knew what pair they were talking about.

For the calculation purposes, let’s assume that the EUR/USD rate is 1.18 (or EUR/USD = 1.18, as it is typically written in the currency pairs). In order to read it correctly, you need to understand the principle of Forex trading, specifically that the base currency is bought for the quoted currency. In our case, a trader buys EUR 1 for USD 1.18. This means that the left position in this is the ‘commodity’ (euro) and the right position is the price (dollar).

The principle is apparent and it appeared long before the establishment of the Forex market. For example Early European Modern people, who practiced only exchange in kind, could exchange, for example, a flint spear for two wolf skins. In the ‘table of currency pairs’ of that age, this kind of barter would be written as follows: spear/wolf skin = 2.

Note that the quote specified after the name of the currency pair (after the ‘=’ symbol) always signifies the amount that must be paid in the quoted currency in order to buy a unit of the base currency. It is always one unit, for example for one US dollar, not ten, or one hundred, always just one.

Currency pair classification

The currency pairs in the Forex market follow one common rule – only two monetary units are involved in trading, always, where one is bought and the other is sold. Other options of interaction between the national currencies are impossible (there are options of exchanging money for other assets, however, precious metals for example). This is also stipulated by the ISO regulation.

We’ve deciphered the currency pairs above, but it is not enough to only know the ratio between the currency that is sold and the currency that is bought. You also need to understand which type of the currency pair it is, because that is what determines the trading strategy.

Today, there are three types of currency pairs in Forex trading:

  • Majors;

  • Minors or crosses;

  • Exotics.

Let’s understand the notions of ‘direct’ and ‘inverse’ currency pairs. Direct pairs are those, where the quotes are provided in US dollar, New Zealand dollar and Australian dollar and also British pound (their currency codes are on the right side). Inverse currency pairs is when the codes of the US dollar, New Zealand dollar and Australian dollar or British pound is on the left side of the quotation (which means that this is the currency that is being purchased).

Example: EUR/USD is a direct pair, USD/CAD is an inverse pair. If you are wondering what are the cheapest Forex pairs to trade, read the Traders Union article.

Major Currency Pairs

Major currency pairs or majors are the smallest type of the pairs, but it accounts for the lion’s share of the total trading volume in the Forex market. Majors have the highest liquidity indicator and the volumes of currency pairs of this type are the largest. In other words, these are the most popular pairs, and they are traded by the beginners as well as experienced traders with huge track records. Another small detail – these pairs always have the lowest spreads.

It is not hard to guess that Forex majors are the national currencies of the countries with the most developed and stable economies. At the moment, these are the USA, EU countries, Canada, Japan, UK, Switzerland, Australia, and New Zealand. Accordingly, the review of the majors includes the main options of the relationships between the national currencies of these countries.

AUD / USD

EUR / USD

USD / JPY

GBP / USD

USD / CHF

USD / CAD

NZD / USD

Note that the majors market always includes a US dollar, but it can be listed both on the right and the left of the currency pair. This means that in these pairs, the US dollar is either bought or sold, acting either as the ‘commodity’ or its price (spear or wolf skin).

This can be explained by the fact that the value of the currency pairs in the Forex market and their relevance to the traders are determined by the economic positions of the currency in the global arena. As the US dollar is currently the strongest currency in the world, it is involved in the majority of the trades in the Forex market.

Notably, sometimes brokers offer other major pairs in addition to the ones listed above on their platforms. It is incorrect – the list of majors can only include the names of the currency pairs, which we provided (a total of 7 options).

The spread on a currency pair is the difference between the best price of sale of the base currency (ask) and the best price of the buy (bid). As a rule, the broker charges spread per each trade as a form of the commission; therefore, the lower the spread the more frequently the pair is traded. Currency pairs with a low spread are by definition from the majors list, as the spreads for other types of pairs are always higher. The spread can be influenced by a multitude of factors, including liquidity of the trading instrument, trade size, market condition.

Crosses

Often, crosses go by their alternative name – minors (as opposed to majors). The currency pairs of this type contain combinations of the currencies mentioned above, excluding US dollar. This means that the national currencies of the EU, Japan, Canada, UK, Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand are bought and sold in this group of currency pairs.

The peculiarity of this type of currency pairs is that they also have high liquidity, but a higher spread compared to majors, and therefore they are traded less and are generally not as popular among traders. However, they cannot be called less profitable per se; they are just traded differently. Here is the full list of crosses:

  • 1

    AUD / CAD

  • 2

    EUR / AUD

  • 3

    EUR / NZD

  • 4

    AUD / CHF

  • 5

    EUR / CAD

  • 5

    GBP / AUD

  • 5

    AUD / JPY

  • 5

    EUR / CHF

  • 6

    GBP / CHF

  • 7

    AUD / NZD

  • 8

    EUR / GBP

  • 9

    GBP / JPY

  • 10

    CAD / JPY

  • 10

    EUR / JPY

  • 10

    NZD / JPY

You can memorize one more statement to avoid mixing majors and minors. Currency pairs, purchase or sale of which involves the US dollar are called the majors, and if there is no US dollar in a pair, it is called minors or crosses, naturally if we are talking about the national currencies of the aforementioned countries. For example, if we have a US dollar/Russian ruble pair, it will not be a major, but it will also not be a minor pair. This pair will be among the exotic pairs.

Exotic pairs

The pairs of this type include all combinations that were not included in the two previous groups, i.e. which are not majors or crosses. However, there is almost always a currency from the majors in the exotic pairs. It is a very rare occasion when both monetary units in the pair are national currencies of weak economies and developing countries.

Most frequently, the national currency of the USA, Canada, Japan, UK, Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand and also EU countries holds one of the positions in the exotic pair. Any other national currency holds the other position. At that, the currency from the majors is listed as the base currency (on the left), as it is the commodity, which the trader is buying.

USD / RUB

USD / MXN

EUR / DKK

These are only a couple examples of exotic currency pairs, while there are many more and there is no sense in listing them all. There is, however, a sense in saying that the exotic pairs are by far the most popular Forex pairs. It is rather evident, as their liquidity is lower than other types of currencies and the spread is higher.

Often, the spread on exotic pairs is floating, even if it is a stable pair. If the interest towards the pair increases, the spread may decrease, but it is on a case-by-case basis and depends on the broker’s policy. Overall, the positions in the rating of currency pairs are as follows: majors, minors and then exotics. Therefore, it is logical that the best pairs for the beginners are those with the US dollar.

According to the latest IMF data, over 62% of all financial reserves in the world are kept in the US dollars, which ensures the top position of the currency in the Forex market. Therefore, if a trader doesn’t know which currency pairs to trade, they should start with dollar majors – that’s the optimal decision in any case.

How to trade currency pairs in the Forex market

If a trader focuses on spreads of currency pairs, majors have the lowest spreads followed by the crosses. However, spread is not the only indicator and the focus should not be entirely on it. The price of the currency pair changes continuously and in order to trade successfully, you have to follow the basic rule: buy for less, sell for more.

You can apply this rule to the currency of any country. For example, you can buy Danish krone for Russian rubles and then sell it when its value increases. The question is will it increase?

The answer to the question of which currency pairs you should trade always comes down to simple forecasting. Using the global financial news announcements, it is entirely possible to predict, for example, that the US dollar will drop tomorrow against the euro, but is likely to regain its positions since the situation is temporary.

But then, how do you predict the rate of the Danish krone against the Russian ruble? Considering that there is no major currency in this pair, it will be difficult for a trader to find even indirect indications of possible change of quotations, let alone currency pair signals.

This is why ‘weak’ currencies are traded less frequently. There are no, or almost no Forex signals – events or phenomena that directly indicate that the quotations will change. Most often, this is because the price for the assets can remain unchanged for years, which means you can’t profit from them. Even Forex screeners (special software that searches for the trades based on specified criteria) do not provide adequate results.

To sum it up, majors are the best Forex pairs; it is always easier to trade them and beginners are recommended to start with them. The trading strategies, signals and principles of market analysis are absolutely identical for the crosses and exotics, but the price movement is different. The less popular the asset, the more difficult it is to predict the behavior of the currency pair, and therefore, more difficult to profit from it.

What are the cent accounts for?

As we’ve already said, predictions are based on the currency pair signals, which are recommendations for the trade to take a specific action – to buy or sell the asset. When a trade knows the names and types of currency pairs well, they already have an idea of which ones will be easier to work with. If necessary, a trader can review the history of the currency pair they are interested in in order to understand how the quotations changed recently.

There is one detail, though. There is no universal trading strategy for trading currency pairs. A trader can read recommendations and tips on currency pairs, diligently study the global news announcements, ideally calculate the point of entry and exit from the trade, but if we are talking about a beginner, the risk of the loss of the first deposit is nearly 100%. Statistically, 90% of novice traders lose their first deposit, but only because they have a poor idea of the trading practice.

To avoid significant financial losses at the start or even earn a profit, in addition to finding profitable currency pairs and building an optimal strategy, you can use an opportunity that had been a rarity not even 5 years ago, but is now offered by nearly every broker. That opportunity is a cent account.

A cent account is identical to the standard account with one difference – the settlements on it are carried out not in dollars, but in cents. Specifically, entering a position on the EUR/USD, you are not buying euros, but euro cents, and not for dollars, but for American cents.

Knowing what a currency pair means in trading and being prepared to trade, a novice trader can work with real quotes and real money, but using a cent account, which means that the losses from the failed trades will be calculated in cents and dozens of cents and not dollars and dozens of dollars. It is kind of a training method, honing your trading skills in the field.

Other methods of making Forex trading simpler

The response to the question about which currency should the beginners trade is evident – one of the majors. It is better to start with a cent account, but it is not the only mechanism that provides an opportunity to the traders to gain a quicker understanding of the features of currency pairs and learn the basics of trading.

For example, in the Forex market, there is a possibility of splitting the traded lot into hundredths. In this case, you can trade 0.01 lot and not the full $100,000 lot. And this amount seems more realistic for a novice trader.

Leverage is another opportunity. Using leverage, a trader can open a position using the funds borrowed from the broker to increase the trading position. For example, with a leverage of 1:100, and a $100 deposit, a trader can work with an equity of $10,000. Accordingly, the profit will be earned not from $100, but from $10,000. Leverage allows novice traders with small deposits make some real money on Forex trading.

The biggest Forex flaw or let’s talk about spread again

We already determined what spread is, and now let’s see how to calculate it. It is important because the trending of currency pairs, currency pair indices and other important aspects alone will not allow the trader to earn a profit, if he/she doesn’t understand how the spreads ‘work’ and why the spread is considered a Forex flaw.

As an example, you can take British pound and Japanese yen, then successful forecasting of the currency pair from the crosses is fully realistic. With that, the spread can be 45 pips on a short 1-minute timeframe. The broker takes this difference between the ask and the bid as a commission. Clearly high spread is an issue for a trader, because they buy the position based on the ask and sell – on the bid. And if the currency pair moves in the wrong direction, it may cause serious losses. As a result, the real risk to return ratio is not 1:3, and not even 1:2.

Speaking about Forex market flaws, we just have to mention the Forex bucket shop. It doesn’t matter there how you choose trending currency pairs, how you analyze them and what the advisors tell you. Here, you trade not with the interbank, but with the broker. The broker sets its own quotes and it is impossible to win there. There are many versions of bucket shops, but they all come down to one thing – traders will never earn a profit there; only lose their deposits one after the other.

This is why it is important to work with a trusted reliable broker regulated by competent authorities. It is very easy to find such a broker – just use the independent rating of Traders Union.

Top 8 Most Expensive currencies

What are trends and trending currency pairs in the Forex market?

There are three trends in the Forex market – bullish (upward), bearish (downward) and even or flat (sideways). The upward trend is characterized by a growing price for an asset over a long period of time. During a downward trend, the price of the assets is declining over a long period of time. Flat movement is when the price doesn’t considerably grow or fall over a long period of time. As a rule, a flat trend is preceded by a pronounced trend.

The most trending currency pairs are the ones that correspond to the trend at the moment. However, you need to understand that the definition of the ‘most trending Forex pair’ is rather provisional, because it depends on a slew of other factors, for example timeframes you work in. For short timeframes, the long trends may be uninformative and simply insignificant (here, you need to find good currency pairs for scalping).

Timeframe is a period of time for grouping price quotes of a trading instrument. Price movement forms based on the minimum elements of the timeframe (most frequently these are bars). On the MT4 platform, you can choose time frames from 1 minute to 1 month. Clearly, different market trends impact different timeframes differently

Usually, the currencies of two countries, which currently do not show an evident trend in respect to one another, are called flat currency pairs (or stable currency pairs). Experts say that a consolidation of currency pairs is observed, when demand balances the supply. The Forex market is on average 80% in the condition of consolidation; therefore the majority of trading takes place in the sideways range of the chart.

In order to earn a profit on such pairs, you need to work within small time frames, predicting the changes in quotes for a short period of time. However, you need to understand that the notion of a ‘stable currency pair’ is very provisional, because no trading instrument is always in trend or in the flat.

To see it more clearly, you can compare a daily and weekly chart of any pair. On the weekly chart, the width of the flat may be, for example, 900 pips, and on the daily – 80 pips and less. This means that the weekly flat actually becomes a chain of trends for intraday traders. Be that as it may, there are generally ‘more flat’ and ‘more trending’ currency pairs:

1

All minors are the most stable pairs, i.e. the pairs that spend most of the time in the flat.

2

All majors are the most trending pairs. Contrary to the flat currency pairs, these spend most of their time trending.

In the entire history of the Forex market, the Australian dollar / New Zealand dollar has been recognized as the most stable currency pair. As for the most trending currency pair, it depends on the session – GBP/JPY for the Asian session, GBP/CHF for the European session.

How do currency pairs work – liquidity and volatility

Liquidity in the Forex market is a criterion that shows the volume and activity of trading for a specific financial instrument, the ratio of chosen currencies in our case. Practically, it is the ability of an asset to be traded (bought and sold).

Best currency pairs for trading by liquidity:

  • EUR/USD – 28% of all Forex trades

  • USD/JPY – 13% of all Forex trade

  • GBP/USD – 11 % of all Forex trades

The most liquid pairs in the Forex market are distinguished by three indicators: lower spread, higher order execution speed and rare drawdowns. Note that these are not the most predictable pairs; they are the most popular pairs among traders. And they are traded by both beginners and professionals.

Volatility of the currency pairs is the rate at which their price changes. All Forex pairs are volatile, which means that the prices of the currencies in a pair change continuously against each other. There are no static national currencies and that is the point of the currency market. Volatility and liquidity of the asset are co-dependent features – highly volatile currency pairs are less liquid and vice versa, the higher the liquidity the lower the range of prices, in which the quotes change.

Less liquid (less demanded by the traders) assets always react quicker to the change in bid/ask. Average volatility of currency pairs depends on many factors, including global political and economic as a well as industry factors. Trading platforms of the brokers often have featured indicators of currency pair volatility.

These indicators can perform the calculation in two ways:

Moving averages
It is a measurement of the average market movement over a selected period of time. A typical example is applying a 20 SMA setting to a price movement chart.

Bollinger bands
Bollinger bands are two bands on the chart and two deviations. When the bands contract, the volatility decreases, when they expand – volatility increases.

The most volatile currency pairs carry higher risks. Therefore, for careful and sensible trading, a trader who values their deposit, chooses currency pairs with low volatility, as the fluctuations of 20-30 pips are easier to survive with a small deposit than fluctuations of 100 pips and more.

On the other hand, the higher the volatility the higher the potential profit. Therefore, every participant of the Forex market needs to know how to determine the currency pair volatility, as this factor is taken into account during calculation of the risks. The easiest way is to use the tables of average volatility of currency pairs, which are regularly published by good brokers.

It is difficult to name the most volatile currency pairs at the moment, because this indicator changes regularly for all assets. Historically, the list of TOP 5 most volatile Forex pairs includes GBP/NZD, GBP/AUD, GBP/CAD, EUR/NZD, GBP/JPY. On average, the quotes of these national currencies (and the ratio between them) change most frequently and are stronger than the rest.

Mirror pairs and correlations

Mirror pairs in the Forex market are the pairs that move in diametrically opposite directions on the chart, or vice versa – synchronously. This means that the price on one chart is moving down and on the other – up using the same principle (or also down, if the movement is synchronous). Naturally, fully identical movement is impossible, but that is the skill of the trader – to see similarity in the chart, not conformity, which cannot exist.

Mirror assets interact based on the principle of correlation. Correlating currency pairs are important for trading, because the changes in the quotes of one pair allow one to predict the changes in the other. There are two types of correlation:

Negative

These are the mirror currency pairs (the pairs that are opposite on the charts).

Positive

This is a situation, when the currency pairs move in the same direction and all changes are approximately duplicated.

Major currency pairs by liquidity and volatility

Practically all textbooks on trading currency pairs “for dummies” recommend starting with euro and US dollar. It is logical advice, because EUR/USD is the most liquid pair among all types (majors, crosses and exotics).

On the other hand, saying that EUR/USD is the most predictable pair is wrong, because this pair has a rather high volatility – around 750 pips a day, which significantly raises the risks. Nevertheless, the pair is, without a doubt, the leader by the liquidity/volatility ratio.

The pair of the US dollar against Japanese yen, as a rule, is ranked second on the list of the pairs that are best for the beginners. Liquidity is extremely high and there are many reasons for that, including a strong US economy, an atypical economic model of Japan, sanctions against Japan after World War II, etc. However, the volatility of this pair is even higher than in the previous pair - about 1,300 pips a day.

The third place is held by the British pound against the US dollar. The GBP/USD pair accounts for 9-11% of all trades in the Forex market. Moreover, this is the most volatile pair in the Forex market – its quotes can reach 1,390 pips a day, which is due to the popularity of the US dollar, and the high price of the British pound, which is one of the most expensive national currencies in the world.

Note:

Volatility does not indicate the average movement of a currency pair during the day, not the total number of pips travelled by quotes both up and down. This is the number of pips from the maximum peak to the absolute minimum in a trading day.

Summary

Now you know how to read the currency pairs, how their liquidity and volatility is determined, what correlation of currency pairs is. Combined with the knowledge of basic notions, this is enough to start trading using a demo or cent account. On a cent account you use real money and on the demo account you use virtual money, while trading the real quotes and instruments.

As a rule, novice traders start with a demo account, then switch to a cent account and then to the standard dollar account. Which broker should a novice trader choose? That is not an easy question, but the TU rating of Forex brokers for beginners will help you answer it. After choosing the broker, a trader registers on the broker’s website, installs a trading platform, makes the first deposit and starts testing their strategies in real practice.

The most important thing is to remember that there is no established notion of the “most profitable currency pairs”. You can earn a profit in the Forex market professionally with any major or cross pairs, and with the exotics, but that usually requires many years of experience.

FAQs

What is a currency pair in simple words?

A currency pair is formed from two national currencies of different countries, one of which is bought at the price of the other. The example of a currency pair is EUR/USD. This means that the euro is bought for the US dollar. After the code of the currency pair, its quote is written, for example EUR/USD=1.18. This means that EUR 1 is bought for USD 1.18.

What is liquidity and volatility of a currency pair?

Liquidity is the trading volume of the asset; it is essentially the demand for the asset on the part of the traders. The most liquid currency pairs include EUR/USD, USD/JPY and GBP/USD. Volatility is the measure of how strongly the prices change, i.e. the difference between the maximum price and the minimum price in a trading day. The most volatile pairs include GBP/NZD, GBP/AUD, GBP/CAD.

What are the most traded currency pairs? What are the best pairs for novice traders?

The most traded currencies are the so-called majors, which include EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD and several others. Crosses are ranked second; these are the same national currencies that are on the majors list, but without the US dollar, for example EUR/CHF, EUR/JPY, NZD/JPY. It is better for the beginners to start with the majors and try the crosses later, if desired. The third group of pairs (exotics) is not recommended for novice traders (these are all other currency pairs, which are not included in the first two groups).

Where do I trade currency pairs?

Any person can start trading currency pairs in the Forex market. For this, you need to select a broker, open an account, make a deposit and install a trading platform. However, it is more beneficial to register with the broker not directly, but using the Traders Union website. In this case, the trader gets a rebate for the spread (which the broker charges as a commission per trade), free legal assistance and access to unique possibilities, including making real money on demo accounts.

Team that worked on the article

Dwight Cass
Contributor

Dwight specializes in risk, corporate finance, alternatives, fintech, general business trends, and financial markets, and he has broad experience managing complex projects. Dwight is an author for the Traders Union website.

Dwight was a financial columnist for The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times during the Great Financial Crisis. He has served as Editor-in-Chief of Worth, a personal finance magazine for the wealthy, and as Editor of Risk, the premiere global publication about derivatives, risk management, and quantitative finance, based in London.

He has also served as Managing Editor at The Economist Group and ran the Americas operations of two British trade publications.

For the last 12 years, Dwight has worked as a freelance writer and editorial project manager, serving clients in the financial technology, banking, broker/dealer, consulting, asset management, and corporate sectors. This has given him considerable experience in idea generation and project management, working collaboratively to help clients meet their goals with little or no supervision.

Knows about
risk management, derivatives, capital markets, regulation, market data

Experience
Dwight is a journalist and editor with over 30 years of experience writing and editing sophisticated financial, economic, and business articles for leading magazines, newspapers, and web sites. He specializes in personal finance, risk management, capital markets, and wealth management. He served as editor of Risk magazine and editor-in-chief of Worth magazine. His financial commentary has appeared in The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Daily Telegraph, and elsewhere. He has provided on-air commentary for CNN, CNBC, and the BBC.

As proprietor of Cass Editorial Services since 2010, Dwight has provided writing and editorial project management services to a range of financial services, government and corporate clients including Deutsche Asset & Wealth Management (now DWS), The International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Interactive Data, Euler Hermes, Ernst & Young, The Chicago Mercantile Exchange, The Project Management Institute, Reval, and The Financial Accounting Standards Board.

Education
Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs
Master of Arts (MA), International Political Economy
New York University
Bachelor of Arts (BA), Journalism and Politics

Dr. BJ Johnson
Dr. BJ Johnson
Developmental English Editor

Dr. BJ Johnson is a PhD in English Language and an editor with over 15 years of experience. He earned his degree in English Language in the U.S and the UK. In 2020, Dr. Johnson joined the Traders Union team. Since then, he has created over 100 exclusive articles and edited over 300 articles of other authors.

The topics he covers include trading signals, cryptocurrencies, Forex brokers, stock brokers, expert advisors, binary options. He has also worked on the ratings of brokers and many other materials.

Dr. BJ Johnson’s motto: It always seems impossible until it’s done. You can do it.

Mirjan Hipolito
Cryptocurrency and stock expert

Mirjan Hipolito is a journalist and news editor at Traders Union. She is an expert crypto writer with five years of experience in the financial markets. Her specialties are daily market news, price predictions, and Initial Coin Offerings (ICO). Mirjan is a cryptocurrency and stock trader. This deep understanding of the finance sector allows her to create informative and engaging content that helps readers easily navigate the complexities of the crypto world.